Rendy Satrya

Cargoloc | Safety Belt For Your Cargo | Cargo Net | Storage Net | Truck Net | Helmet Net | Tie-Downs | Ratchet Tie-Downs | Aeroloc Tie-Downs | Cambuckle Tie-Downs | Tow Strap | Bungee Cords | Flat Bungee Cords | Adjustable Bungee Cords | Metal Hooks | Nylon Hooks | Double Folded Hooks | Molded Hooks

2011-12-03T15:58:00.000+07:00

Cargoloc | Safety Belt For Your Cargo

Kendaraan bermotor saat in telah menjadi kebutuhan mendasar di dalam kehidupan modern. Mobil jenis MPV, SUV, pickup, truk dan sepeda motor semakin bertambah banyak. Kendaraan yang ada sering kali digunakan untuk membawa muatan (cargo). Tingkat mobilitas masyarakat yang tinggi menyebabkan dibutuhkannya produk pengikat cargo yang cepat dan aman.

Cargoloc merupakan produk lengkap yang dibutuhkan untuk mengikat dan mengamankan barang / cargo bawaan Anda. Cargoloc sangat aman berkualitas standar Jerman serta memiliki desain packaging yang menarik

Silakan dilihat juga

katalog produk Cargoloc,

daftar harga / pricelist Cargoloc,

dan info lebih lengkap tentang Cargoloc.

Katalog Produk

Cargoloc Products Catalog
Cargoloc | Safety Belt For Your Cargo

Click Here to Order Cargoloc Products Now !

Klik di sini untuk pesan produk Cargoloc sekarang !

Software Pemasang Iklan Otomatis, software autosubmit iklan ke RATUSAN website iklan baris hanya dengan sekali klik

2010-03-24T18:58:00.001+07:00

Kami menyediakan software autosubmit yang berguna untuk mengirim iklan secara otomatis ke 1410 situs iklan baris indonesia sekaligus

Dengan software AutoSubmit anda tidak perlu repot harus mengunjungi website iklan baris satu persatu untuk memasang iklan anda. Aplikasi ini dapat digunakan untuk mengirim iklan ke RATUSAN website iklan baris hanya dengan sekali klik, tidak perlu repot, cukup luangkan sedikit waktu anda untuk mempromosikan produk dan jasa anda.

Ingin tahu seperti apa programnya bekerja? anda bisa melihat screenshot program autosubmit, klik disini

Free Download klik untuk mendownload software autosubmit terbaru

Fitur fitur autosubmit dalam memasang iklan baris

Fitur Captcha Characters Recognizer, yang dapat mengenali karakter yang terdapat dalam captcha, sehingga untuk situs situs iklan baris yang captchanya dapat dikenali oleh program, anda tidak perlu menginput kode captcha nya lagi karena sudah otomatis diinputkan oleh program. Dari 1410 situs iklan baris yang dapat di submit oleh program autosubmit, 1097 diantaranya anda sudah tidak perlu menjawab pertanyaan captcha kode lagi, karena program kami sudah dapat mengenali karakter di captcha kode tersebut.
Fitur Random Characters Insertion, yang jika anda aktifkan, otomatis menambahkan beberapa karakter random yang tidak akan mengubah arti dari iklan anda pada bagian judul dan isi iklan anda, sehingga dapat menghindari filter duplicate content pada sebagian situs situs iklan baris yang tidak memperbolehkan ada lebih dari 1 iklan baris dengan isi yang sama.
Bisa menentukan kapan iklan anda kadaluarsa (expire) untuk pemasangan pada situs situs iklan baris yg mensupport tanggal kadaluarsa iklan.
Data iklan anda tersimpan di server autosubmit, sehingga walaupun komputer anda habis di format ulang, atau anda sedang tidak menggunakan komputer anda. Data iklan anda yg sudah anda definisikan tetap muncul pada saat anda login ke account anda di program autosubmit, tanpa perlu anda mengetikkan ulang.
Proses pemasangan iklan secara multithread/simultan.
Report gagal / sukses disertai dengan tampilan preview halaman website situs iklan baris pada saat pemasangan iklan gagal/sukses di lakukan di situs iklan baris tsb.
Tampilan dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Free Download klik untuk mendownload software autosubmit terbaru

Bandingkan AutoSubmit dengan program lain?

AutoSubmit

Program lain

Keterangan

Captcha Recognizer

Tidak / FAKE

Program Autosubmit dapat mengenali karakter yang terdapat dalam captcha, sehingga untuk situs situs iklan baris yang captchanya dapat dikenali oleh program, anda tidak perlu menginput kode captcha nya lagi karena sudah otomatis diinputkan oleh program.

Program lain tidak dapat mengenali captcha, sehingga anda harus menginput satu persatu pertanyaan captcha yang muncul.

Waspada! Software sejenis dengan
Fitur Captcha recognizer palsu
Software pemasang iklan lain kami lihat ada yang mengklaim memiliki fitur captcha recognizer juga. Setelah kami pelajari ternyata mereka hanya membuat ratusan replika situs situs iklan baris dengan menggunakan domain gratisan (umumnya .co.cc) dan membuat backdoor supaya dapat menginput iklan tanpa captcha hanya khusus di situs situs yg mereka buat tersebut. Dan softwarenya tidak mampu untuk menginput tanpa captcha di situs situs iklanbaris "Sebenarnya".

Laporan Keberhasilan Pemasangan Iklan

Akurat

Tidak Akurat

Program autosubmit mendeteksi karakteristik content website setelah pemasangan iklan dilakukan untuk memastikan content iklan yg dipasang ada di website tersebut, jika tidak ada maka dinyatakan gagal pasang.

Untuk software lain tidak mengecek hal ini, selama koneksi internet tidak error, maka dinyatakan tidak gagal sehingga anda tidak tahu persis berapa sebenarnya yang gagal tanpa memeriksa satu per satu laporannya.

Active Development

Tidak

Program autosubmit secara berkala selalu mengalami pembaharuan, penambahan fitur fitur baru.

Proses pemasangan Iklan tanpa perlu intervensi user

Tidak

Di program autosubmit anda dapat memilih memasang iklan di situs iklan yg captchanya sudah dikenali saja, sehingga pada saat pemasangan iklan program dapat bekerja sendiri tanpa perlu intervensi user.

Di software lain, anda harus memantau pemasangan iklan karena harus menunggu dan menjawab window pop up kode kode captcha yang muncul.

Penyimpanan data materi iklan

Online

Offline

Di program autosubmit data data materi iklan anda di simpan secara online, sehingga pada saat anda login di komputer mana saja untuk memasang ulang iklan anda, data materi iklan yg pernah anda buat sebelumnya tetap ada tanpa harus mengetik ulang

Di software lain, data materi iklan tersebut disimpan secara offline (dalam bentuk file). Sehingga jika anda menggunakan komputer lain dan tidak membawa file tersebut, anda harus mengetik ulang materi iklan anda.

Menghindari Filter duplicate content

Tidak

Pada sebagian situs iklan baris, website iklan baris tsb akan mengecek apakah sudah ada materi iklan yang sama persis sebelumnya, jika ada maka situs iklan baris tersebut akan menolak materi iklan tersebut, hal ini membuat anda harus memodifikasi sedikit iklan anda setiap kali akan memasang ulang iklan yang sama. Di program autosubmit terdapat fitur random character insertion yang jika anda aktifkan, otomatis menambahkan beberapa karakter random yang tidak akan mengubah arti dari iklan anda pada bagian judul dan isi iklan anda, sehingga dapat menghindari filter duplicate content.

Free Download klik untuk mendownload software autosubmit terbaru

GPS tercanggih Kualitas Super Murah SiRFatlas IV ARM Dual Core 500Mhz OS Windows CE 6.0 hanya di -] GAPTEK Shop [-

2010-03-12T00:52:00.004+07:00

-] GAPTEK Shop [-
Gadgets, Appliances, Technologies and Electronics Shop
http://gaptek.web.id/
Kopo Permai F8/7, Bandung, 40239, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
SMS :08986118003
Telp : 022-70720230

naviGO GPS Navigation System dalah sebuah perangkat navigasi Global Positioning System (GPS) dengan teknologi tercanggih dengan harga yang sangat terjangkau. Cocok untuk Anda yang hobi traveling dan bertualang.

BELI SEKARANG
Dengan Harga SANGAT Terjangkau
Rp 999.000
Belum Termasuk Ongkir

Kami memberikan semua fasilitas yang dimiliki oleh GPS merk lain yang ter-bundle dalam 1 paket GPS kami, antara lain:

* LCD layar lebar full touch screen 4.3 inch display
* Full UNLOCK GPS PND
* iGO Map Software( iGo Amigo dan iGo 8)
* Garmin Map Software
* PapaGO Map Software
* nDrive, Sygic, Navitel, Polnav GPS Software
* MioPocket apllication ( menambah fungsi PDA: all office editor, pdf reader)
* Garansi 1 tahun
* Installasi Aplikasi berbasis Windows Mobile Lainnya ( GPS Software / Windows Apllication)
* Bluetooth Support for Handsfree Calling (optional)

Semua map software kami menggunaan data terbaru ( update ), bila ada update map maupun software lainnya akan kami berikan di link download kami.

Aplikasi GPS lainnya bisa juga Anda install dalam GPS kami, antara lain: TomTom, TeleAtlas, MyGuide, BlueChart (sea-navigation). Bisa juga untuk Tracker GPS seperti BeeLine dan GPS Pocket.

Semua ini bisa anda dapatkan secara free jika anda membeli bundle GPS dari kami.

Tampilan awal GPS kami dengan multiple skin launcher :

Spesifikasi GPS:

• 4.3 inch Digital screen, 64k color with touch panel

• Resolution:480X272

• Centrality (SiRF) Atlas-IV , dual-kernel. CPU-500 MHz, DSP 486 MHz

• Operating System: Microsoft Win CE.NET 6.0 Core Version

• Aspect Ratio: 16:9

• GPS Receiver: SiRF Star IV

• GPS receiver channels: 64 + Galileo Satellite Support

• Build in 128 MB SDRAM + 128 MB Flash Memory

• Voice Guidance(Different language optional)

• Multi-languages Selection

• Supports audio format:*.mp3 *.wma *.AAC *.AMR etc.

• Supports video format: *.avi *.mov *.wmv *.mpg4 *.asf etc.

• Supports all office reader+editor: *.pdf *.doc *.txt *.xls *.ppt

• Support SD card up to 8 GB

• Internal Lithium battery 1500mAH , 4 standby hour

• Precision of Localization: 90% / 10 meter

• Sensitivity: 0.1 m/s

• Localization time: 0.1 s

• Weight: 200 g

• FM Transmitter (=Mengirimkan sinyal FM yang diterima radio mobil anda)

• Bluetooth (optional*)

• Dimension(mm): 90x80x15 (antenna inside)

Dengan processor SIRF ATLAS IV - 500 MHz, koneksi (lock) satelit jauh lebih cepat, dibawah 10 detik dan proses program jauh lebih cepat dan tanpa lag.

BELI SEKARANG
Dengan Harga SANGAT Terjangkau
Rp 999.000
Belum Termasuk Ongkir

Foto Foto GPS:

In the Box (Accessories)

Car Installation (Pemasangan di Mobil) :
Pemasangan di mobil hendaknya pastikan lock suction ditekan biar daya tekan ke kaca maksimal.
Sebagai contoh pemasangan lihat gambar dibawah ini:

BELI SEKARANG
Dengan Harga SANGAT Terjangkau
Rp 999.000
Belum Termasuk Ongkir

-] GAPTEK Shop [-
Gadgets, Appliances, Technologies and Electronics Shop
http://gaptek.web.id/
Kopo Permai F8/7, Bandung, 40239, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
SMS :08986118003
Telp : 022-70720230

Digital Photo Frame Murah dan berkualitas di GAPTEK Shop http://gaptek.web.id

2010-03-06T08:10:00.001+07:00

-] GAPTEK Shop [-
Gadgets, Appliances, Technologies and Electronics Shop
http://gaptek.web.id/
Kopo Permai F8/7, Bandung, 40239, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
SMS :08986118003
Telp : 022-70720230

Rp 499.000 (Belum Ongkir)

Digital Photo Frame / Frame Foto Digital terbaru berukuran 7 inch dengan fitur AV-Out, untuk menampilkan foto di TV kesayangan Anda atau presentasi dengan LCD Projector.

DIGITAL PICTURE FRAME 7Inch + AV-Out

LCD PANEL: 7inch TFT, 16M COLORS, 480x234 DOTS

SUPPORT PHOTO FORMAT : JPG

SUPPORT MUSIC FORMAT: WMA/ MP3

SUPPORT VIDEO FORMAT: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, AVI, DIVX( 4.0/ 5.0) , DAT

BUILT-IN EARPHONE/ AV-OUT JACKS

AUDIO FORMAT: STEREO, 1WX2( 8OHM)

DC INPUT: 9V-12V/ 1.0A-1.5A

SUPPORT MEMORYCARD: USB HOST/ SD/ MMC

SUPPORT PLAYER EFFECTS

SUPPORT FAVORITES FEATURES

BUILT IN 16 M NORFLASH

SUPPORT FOR CALENDAR, CLOCK, ALARM, AUTOMATIC, SWITCHING, FUNCTION

Rp 499.000 (Belum Ongkir)

Info Lengkap
-] GAPTEK Shop [-
Gadgets, Appliances, Technologies and Electronics Shop
http://gaptek.web.id/
Kopo Permai F8/7, Bandung, 40239, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
SMS :08986118003
Telp : 022-70720230

Dijual Cepat Tanah Bandung, Cigereleng, Jl. Kembar Sari Indah No.27

2010-01-16T10:55:00.000+07:00

DIJUAL CEPAT

Sebidang tanah
Luas 412 m2

Lokasi:
Jl. Kembar Sari Indah No.27, Bandung
(Sebelah Kantor Lurah Cigereleng,
Masuk dari Jl. Sriwijaya)
Lokasi sangat strategis, di tengah kota,
cocok untuk rumah maupun kantor,
Terletak di antara Jl. Soekarno Hatta, Jl. Moh.Toha,
Jl. BKR, dan Jl. Sriwijaya

Lihat Peta lokasi di sini

Rp. 2.500.000 /m2
Harga NEGO

Hubungi :
Ibu Santoso
022-70720130 / 08122038938

FrontAccounting, The totally free and wonderful accounting program for the web

2010-01-16T10:51:00.002+07:00

FrontAccounting is Accounting systems for small companies and our popular web based FrontAccounting is a simple, but powerful, system for the entire ERP chain and covers:

Purchase Orders
Goods Receivable Notes
Supplier Invoices/Credit Notes
Payments
Allocations
Accounts Payable
Items and Inventory
Stock
Manufacturing

Sales Orders
Customer Invoices/Credit Notes
Deposits
Allocations
Accounts Receivable
Dimensions
General Ledger with Budget
Languages
Currencies
Several Companies

The databases can be placed anywhere in the world and can be reached from everywhere.

FrontAccounting is free and released under the GNU General Public License.

Bila Anda ingin mencoba memakai FrontAccounting secara GRATIS di perusahaan Anda silahkan hubungi saya,

Rendy Satrya @ rendysatrya@gmail.com

FrontAccounting, features :

FrontAccounting is a free, user-friendly, web-based Accounting and ERP system.
FrontAccounting is Open Source.
FrontAccounting is in active development and is now shortly ready for release.
FrontAccounting is written in object oriented (OO) PHP language.
FrontAccounting is running well on a Linux Server with an Apache Webserver, PHP and MySQL.
If you want to run FrontAccounting locally or in an intranet environment with MS Windows we recommend you to download a packet from XAMP for Windows containing Apache HTTPD 2.2.11 + Openssl 0.9.8i, MySQL 5.1.30, PHP 5.2.8, phpMyAdmin 3.1.1, FileZilla FTP Server 0.9.29 and Mercury Mail Transport System 4.52. Follow the installation instructions.
FA is PHP 4 and PHP 5 compatible and should run on MySQL 3.23 - 5.X.X Server
You also need a PDF reader on your local machine, e.g. Adobe Acrobat Reader to view and print out the reports. You probably already got this program on your machine, otherwise download it from Adobe.
Finally you need GD installed on your server (>= v2.0). Most hosts has this installed. This is used by the Business Graphics.
Optional Replacement of Listboxes for Items, Customers and/or Suppliers with a Search Box.
FrontAccounting is sealed to avoid XSS Attacks via js db injection.
Datepicker included in all date fields. Also shows weeknumber.
Full Ajax Implementation. No reload of pages when updating forms.
Advanced PDF Engine included. Full Support for unicode and right-to-left (utf8bidi).
Good support for upgrading database changes from earlier release
Accelerator keys in menues. Arrow navigations in menus.
Support for default buttons with Ctrl-Enter/Escape hotkeys (>= 2.2)
Grouping listboxes where appropriate
Sortable database paging in inquiries with many records
Improved layout in long forms (now double sided).
Preparing for install of menu extensions (not modules)
Document files in doc subdirectory
An inactive field in most 'catalog' tables to prepare for making records inactive.
Option for graphic links instead of text links in tables.
Option to use last document date on subsequent new documents (>= 2.2).
Optional Wiki Help Integration.
Bank Charge field in Customer/Supplier Payment (>= 2.2).
Audit Trail for all operations with Report (>= 2.2).

Bila Anda ingin mencoba memakai FrontAccounting secara GRATIS di perusahaan Anda silahkan hubungi saya,

Rendy Satrya @ rendysatrya@gmail.com

Basic features :

• Sales (accounts receivable)

sales
unlimited number of customers
customer branches
sales quotations (with inquiry and creating of sales orders) (>=2.2)
sales orders (can be printed as quotes)
delivery to invoice
separation of customer invoice issue and goods delivery.
invoicing (with optional payment link)
credit notes
documents can have more than one row with the same stock id.
direct deliveryy.
direct invoice.
batch invoicing for more than one delivery.
template delivery and invoicing. can be marked in sales order inquiry.
most of sales documents are editable.
links to print documents after entry.
links to print documents in inquiries.
line descriptions in sales documents can be edited and printing of documents handles multiple line of descriptions.
point of sales (POS) definitions for better handling of cash sales
sales groups for grouping customer branches.
recurrent invoices
dimensions can be selected on sales delivery and invoices.
accumulating of shipping costs and legal text on invoices
new printed document layout
deposits, single and batch, allocations.
immediate allocation when paying (>=2.2).
sales areas
sales types
salesmen
salesman provisions and breakpoints for calculating provisions for salesmen. salesmen report.
shipping companies

• Purchase (accounts payable)

unlimited number of suppliers
purchase orders
goods receival notes (GRN)
supplier invoices, with received items and GL items
supplier price lists.
conversion factor in purchasing prices
purchasable prices with up to 6 decimals.
various payment terms.
supplier credit notes show only invoices for a period
'credit this' link in supplier inquiry
immediate allocation when paying (>= 2.2).
attachment of scanned documents

• Items and inventory

unlimited number of stock and none-stock items
item categories
item locations
price lists also in various currencies
adjustments
location transfers
re-order levels (option: email notification when stocks available are below re-order levels).
automatic calculation of average item material cost from po delivery and work order entry.
automatic calculation of prices from home currency and base sales type settings.
automatic calculation of prices from percent addition on standard costs. prices rounded to nearest xx cent (>= 2.2).
quantity decimals now use the item units if any.
item kit sets for order/sales speed up
foreign codes registration for barcode scanner entry.

• Manufacturing

bills of material
work centre inquiries
advanced production and simple assembling
work order entries
printing/emailing of work orders (>= 2.2)

• Dimensions

use up to 2 levels
dimensions can be used as
- projects
- cost centres
- departments
- inventories (the general ledger can be selected over several years)
- or whatever you define them to be
dimension view shows account balance
dimension due date and costs follow-up.

• Bank

several bank accounts
detailed payments and deposits
currencies
currency rates by date (historical)
bank inquiries and reports.
bank accounts reconciliation

• General ledger

unlimited number of accounts
account classes
account groups
manual journal entry with dimensions entry
budget entry even on dimensions.
detailed inquiries and reports.
journaleEnquiry with edition/view of journal entries (>= 2.2)
quick entries (preset GL transactions) in bank deposit/payment, journal entry and supplier invoice/credit
closing a fiscal year also closes the balances and brings forward retained earnings
deleting a fiscal year removes all transactions and convert into relevant open balances (>= 2.2)

• Reports

a considerable amount of reports can easily be printed out into PDF.
from release 2.1.0 RC you can also select the destination Excel (XLS).
most general ledger reports can be filtered by dimensions
period selections can be made over seleral financial years.
documents with forms and logos can be batch printed out and automatically emailed customers - invoices can be selected with an electronic payment link.
customer/supplier balances with open balance (>= 2.2)
several reports can be supplied with Business Graphics. Options are charts with Horizontal bars, Vertical bars, Dots, Lines, Pies and Donuts.

• Access levels and adaptation

unlimited number of companies can be created, and their databases can be placed anywhere in the world.
if you only have access to one database, a table-prefix can be used enabling you to have all your companies placed inside one database.
unlimited number of financial (fiscal) years. Financial years can be closed against entries.
multi-user access with different priviliges. Renewed in 2.2.
voiding of transactions
reprinting of transactions
backup and restore of companies.
more than one GST (VAT) levels.
a date picker alongside all date fields including weeknumbers.
a simple audit trail (stamping GL transactions with username)
module addons for creating export/import to/from FrontAccounting (from release 1.1)
extension addons for creating own menu tabs and applications (from release 2.1)

Bila Anda ingin mencoba memakai FrontAccounting secara GRATIS di perusahaan Anda silahkan hubungi saya,

Rendy Satrya @ rendysatrya@gmail.com

Advanced features :

• Advanced GST (VAT) handling

several GST (VAT) definitions with GST (VAT) groups
definition of GST (VAT) included
GST (VAT) can be selected on a per customer, supplier or item level
advamced GST (VAT) inquiry and report showing details and outputs/inputs.

• Full currency support

historical currency rates
multi-currency bank accounts, customers and suppliers.

• Several languages are ready

full support for localization by the GNU's gettext package.
many languages are ready. Look at Sourceforge.net. Need proofreading by local auditors or accountants.
several chart of accounts are available in the download section.
full support for right to left (rtl) screens and reports (arabic).
support for Jalali or Islamic calendars.

Bila Anda ingin mencoba memakai FrontAccounting secara GRATIS di perusahaan Anda silahkan hubungi saya,

Rendy Satrya @ rendysatrya@gmail.com

Screenshots

FrontAccounting	Journal Entry	Journal Entry View
General Ledger	Trial Balance	Customer Entries
Payments	Maintaining Languages	Backup and Restore of Companies
Reports and Analysis	Balance Sheet	Balance Sheet BG
Profit and Loss Statement	Invoice - header	Invoice - footer
Price Listing	Aged Customer Analysis	Aged Supplier Analysis
Arabic Language	Arabic Balance Sheet	Business Graphics 1
Business Graphics 2	Business Graphics 3	Date Picker
Tax Inquiry	Bank Account Reconciliation	Quick Entries
POS Setup	Language - Traditional Chinese	Chinese Balance Sheet
Theme aqua	Theme cool	Theme elegant
Theme fancy	Theme modern	Theme newwave
Reports to XLS (Excel) format

Source: FrontAccounting

BUTUH UANG SEGERA DIJUAL RUMAH BESAR & MURAH - BUAHBATU BANDUNG (TP)

2009-05-13T11:12:00.001+07:00

Alamat Property:

Jl. Jatimulya III 92A/207B , Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

Harga: Rp. 1,750,000,000 (NEGO)
Keterangan Singkat:

DIJUAL CEPAT BUTUH UANG - TANPA PERANTARA

RUMAH BESAR & MURAH - BUAHBATU BANDUNG

No. HP / SMS Penjual: 0811234660 - Hendrawan
Lokasi Properti: Bandung
Lokasi Properti (lainnya): Buah Batu
Luas Tanah: 1000 m²
Luas Bangunan: 450 m²
Kamar Tidur: 8 Buah
Kamar Mandi: 4 Buah
Jumlah Line Telpon: 1 Buah
Air Pam: Ya
Garasi: 2 Mobil
Jumlah Lantai: 1 Lantai
Sertifikat: SHM
Menghadap Ke: Barat
Fasilitas Pendukung:

Ada Pos Jaga/Keamanan
Dekat Restoran

Fasilitas Lainnya: Dekat BSM, Buah Batu, Hotel Horison
Over Kredit: Tidak

Cara dapat uang dari Internet, baca email dapet duit

2009-05-03T23:10:00.003+07:00

How it works

Step 1: Sign up as a member for FREE

Join EmailCashPro as a member for free and select the kind of emails you are interested in receiving.

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Receive Paid Emails that match your profile and interest. These emails will have subject headlines that start with **Target [Interest]**, followed by a description of the content of the Paid Email. Browse through the subject description. If you are interested in the subject, click on the link in the email to view the content. Click here for a screenshot of a sample Paid Email you will receive.

Once you click on the Paid Link and visit the advertiser's website for 30 seconds, your account will be credited with 1 point. Your accumulated points will then be converted into cash credits on the first week of every month. The conversion is done based on 40% of our total earnings for the previous month. This means we share 40% of our total revenue with our members! Our conversion for the last few months ranges from 0.55 cents to 0.75 cents.

Step 3: Share good stuff with your friends

The most powerful part of EmailCashPro is our 4 level referral system. When you refer other people to join EmailCashPro, you will receive 50% of your referral's earnings on level 1, 20% of your referral's earnings on level 2, 15% of your referral's earnings on level 3 and 10% of your referral's earnings on level 4.

Never underestimate the power of cents. With our 4 level referral system, your income can easily be in the order of $100s a month!

“I’d rather have 1 percent of 100 people’s efforts than 100 percent of my own.” - J. Paul Getty, one of the world's first billionaire.

You can easily build your referral team by sending invitation letters, informing your friends about our latest members only offer or by sharing interesting Paid Emails with them. More details are provided in your Members Login Page.

Step 4: Receive cheque in your letter box

Once your account reaches our minimum payout of S$11, you can request for a cash-out from us. For Singapore members, you can cash out your earning through cheque or paypal. For International members, you can cash out through paypal. All payment will be made in Singapore dollars.

Cara Kerjanya

Langkah 1: Mendaftar sebagai anggota GRATIS

Join EmailCashPro sebagai anggota secara gratis dan pilih jenis email Anda tertarik untuk menerima.

Langkah 2: Baca email yang Anda minati

Menerima Paid Email yang sesuai dengan profil anda dan minat anda. Email ini akan memiliki subjek utama yang dimulai dengan ** Target [Minat] **, diikuti dengan deskripsi isi Paid Email. Browse melalui deskripsi subjek. Jika Anda tertarik pada pelajaran, klik pada link dalam email untuk melihat isi. Klik di sini untuk screenshot dari sampel Paid Email Anda akan menerima.

Setelah Anda klik pada Link Dibayar dan mengunjungi situs Web pengiklan selama 30 detik, account Anda akan dikreditkan dengan 1 poin. Poin Anda yang terkumpul kemudian akan dikonversi menjadi uang tunai kredit pada minggu pertama setiap bulan. Konversi dilakukan didasarkan pada 40% dari total pendapatan kami untuk bulan sebelumnya. Ini berarti kita berbagi 40% dari total pendapatan dengan anggota kami! Konversi kami untuk beberapa bulan terakhir berkisar antara 0,55 sen menjadi 0,75 sen.

Langkah 3: Berbagi kebaikan dengan teman-teman Anda

Yang paling hebat adalah bagian dari kita EmailCashPro sistem referral 4 tingkat. Apabila Anda mereferensikan orang lain untuk bergabung EmailCashPro, anda akan menerima 50% dari penghasilan referral Anda di lantai 1, 20% dari penghasilan referral Anda pada level 2, 15% dari penghasilan referral Anda di lantai 3 dan 10% dari penghasilan referral Anda pada tingkat 4.

Jangan pernah meremehkan kekuatan sen. Dengan sistem rujukan 4 tingkat, penghasilan Anda dapat dengan mudah mencapai $ 100 / bulan!

"Saya lebih suka punya 1 persen dari 100 orang usaha dari 100 persen dari saya sendiri." - J. Paul Getty, salah satu miliarder pertama di dunia.

Anda dapat dengan mudah membangun tim arahan Anda dengan mengirimkan surat undangan, memberitahu teman Anda tentang anggota terbaru kami hanya menawarkan atau dengan berbagi menarik Paid Email dengan mereka. Rincian lebih lanjut diberikan dalam Area Anggota.

Langkah 4: Menerima cek di kotak surat Anda

Setelah account Anda mencapai minimum payout kita S $ 11, Anda dapat meminta untuk uang tunai keluar dari kami. Untuk anggota Singapura, Anda dapat uang tunai dari penghasilan Anda melalui cek atau paypal. Untuk anggota internasional, Anda dapat uang tunai melalui paypal. Semua pembayaran akan dilakukan dalam dolar Singapura.

Telah Dibuka Kanemochi No Tomi http://kanemochinotomi.com

2009-02-27T19:57:00.003+07:00

Telah Dibuka
http://kanemochinotomi.com
butik online terlengkap dan termurah, kami menyediakan hampir semua jenis keperluan baju dan fashion Anda dengan harga bersaing. Saat ini kami sudah dapat menerima pesanan dari seluruh wilayah Indonesia melalui jasa kurir Tiki JNE.

keyword : kanemochi no tomi online shop toko online clothing baju dress gaun shirt kemeja t-shirt kaos jas blouse pant celana skirt rok accessories aksesoris bag tas watch jam tangan hat topi footwear alas kaki shoes sepatu sandal

VoIP Rakyat - Target 300 Ribu Menit Tercapai !

2007-12-05T22:35:00.000+07:00

Awal tahun 2007, tim VoIP Rakyat mempunyai cita-cita mengejar target total pembicaraan via VoIP Rakyat sebesar 300 ribu menit, dan sekitar beberapa hari lalu target itu tercapai. Saat berita ini ditulis, pembicaraan sudah mencapai 307 ribu menit.

Target 300 ribu menit diakhir tahun 2007 adalah penambahan sebesar 200 ribu menit dari akhir tahun lalu, yang artinya penggunaan VoIP Rakyat mencapai kenaikan sebesar 100%.

Akhir tahun 2008 tentunya target harus lebih besar dari tahun ini. 500, 600 ribu menit ? 1 juta menit ?? :)

Anjing Kintamani

2007-05-28T07:39:00.000+07:00

Oleh drh. Pudji Rahardjo, MS.

Anjing Kintamani banyak ditemukan didaerah pegunungan Kintamani, pulau Bali. Anjing yang memiliki sifat pemberani ini sudah lama ingin dimuliabiakan sehingga dapat diakui oleh dunia internasional. Sejak tahun 1988 PERKIN menerbitkan Sertifikasi-Silsilah S.K. Ketua Umum PERKIN No. 11/KU/PP/III/1988 khusus untuk Penelitian Anjing Kintamni warna putih spesifik. Namun walaupun telah ditetapkan sementara, Pengamatan, Penelitian dan Pemuliabiakan terus ditumbuhkembangkan sampai Federation Cynologique Internationale â€˜FCI) mensyaratkan pemilik kennel-kennel Anjing Kintamani yang terdaftar pada PERKIN memberikan hasil Pemuliabiakanperformans fenotip pada generasi ke XV sama dengan generasi I dari minimal 10 kennel yang ada.

Secara fenotip Anjing Kintamani mudah dikenal; dapat dibandingkan dengan jelas antara Anjing Kintamani dengan anjing-anjing Lokal yang ada, ataupun anjing hasil persilangan antara ras yang sama maupun persilangan lainnya.

Melalui uji pengamatan lapangan dengan membandingkan antara Anjing Kintamani dari hasil kennel pemuliabiakan dan Anjing Kintamani di kawasan Kintamani, disusunlah Deskripsi dan Standar Fenotip Anjing Kintamani meliputi ciri-ciri umum, sifat-sifat umum, tinggi badan/gumba, dasar pigmentasi kulit, bentuk kepala, telinga, mata, hidung, gigi, bentuk leher, bentuk badan, kaki dan ekor mempunyai kesamaan. Perbedaannya pada distribusi warna bulu dan ditetapkan pada tanggal 16 Oktober 1994. Standar ini dipakai sebagai acuan dasar pada setiap Kontes dan Pameran Anjing Kintamani dan mendapat pengakuan PERKIN (Dharma.M.N. Dewa; PudjiRahardjo; Kertayadnya I.G, 1994.).

Standarisasi

Untuk memperoleh Standar Anjing Kintamani diperlukan pengamatan dan penelitian yang terus menerus dan berkelanjutan. Gambaran sementara yang dapat dilihat dari keunggulan Anjing Kintamani dari hasil pengamatan lapangan dan hasil pemuliabiakan pada Anjing Kintamani yang berbulu putih spesifik dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut:

Ciri-ciri Umum

Anjing ini dapat digolongkan dalam kelompok anjing jenis pekerja (working dog) dengan ukuran sedang, memiliki keseimbangan tubuh dan proporsi tubuh yang baik dengan pertulangan kuat yang dibungkus oleh otot yang kuat, sebagai anjing pegunungan memiliki bulu yang panjang (moderat) dengan warna putih spesifik, hitam atau cokelat. Pengelompokan dalam sistem FCI, anjing Kintamani masuk dalam group V karena memiliki ciri-ciri anjing spitz dan tipe primitif seperti Chow Chow, Basenji, dan Samoyed.

Sifat-sifat Umum:

Anjing Kintamani memiliki sifat pemberani, tangkas, waspada dan curiga yang cukup tinggi. Merupakan anjing penjaga (guard dog) yang cukup handal, sebagai pengabdi yang baik terhadap pemiliknya, loyal terhadap seluruh keluarga pemilik dan tidak lupa pada pemilik atau perawatnya. Anjing Kintamani (Bali) suka menyerang anjing atau hewan lain yang memasuki â€œwilayah kekuasaannyaâ€ dan juga menggaruk-garuk tanah sebagai tempat perlindungan. Pergerakannya bebas, ringan dan lentur.

Bentuk kepala

Kepala bagian atas lebar dengan dahi dan pipi datar, moncong proporsional dan kuat terhadap ukuran bentuk kepala, rahang tampak kuat dan kompak, memiliki gigi-geligi kuat dengan gerakan gigi seperti menggunting, bibir berwama hitam atau cokelat tua. Telinganya tebal, kuat, berdiri berbentuk V terbalik dengan ujung agak membulat. Jarak antara kedua telinga cukup lebar, panjang telinga kurang lebih sama bila dibandingkan dengan jarak antara dasar dua telinga bagian dalam dengan sudut mata luar.

Mata berbentuk lonjong seperti buah almond dengan bola mata berwarna cokelat gelap dan bulu mata berwarna putih. Hidung berwarna hitam atau coklat tua dan warna hidung ini sering berubah karena penambahan umur dan musim.

Untuk mempercepat pengakuan dari Federation Cynologique Internationale, dalam memenuhi ketentuan/persyaratan perlu upaya-upaya secara ilmiah dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Salah satu upaya adalah meneliti hubungan antara stuktur dan profil DNA distribusi warna bulu putih spesifik secara genotip dengan fenotip warna bulu putih spesifik pada Anjing Kintamani.

Distribusi warna bulu pada Anjing Kintamani dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 4 macam yaitu:

1. Warna bulu putih sedikit kemerahan dengan warna coklat-kemerahan pada telinga, bulu di bagian belakang paha dan ujung ekornya.

2. Warna hitam mulus atau dengan dada putih sedikit.

3. Warna coklat muda atau cokiat tua dengan ujung moncong kehitaman, sering disebut oleh masyarakat sebagai warna Bang-bungkem.

4. Warna dasar coklat atau coklat muda dengan garis-garis warna kehitaman, yang oleh masyarakat disebut warna Poleng atau Anggrek.

Tinggi dan bentuk badan

Anjing Kintamani jantan mempunyai tinggi 45 cm-55 cm dan anjing betina 40 cm-45 cm. Dengan warna bulu kebanyakan berwarna putih spesifik (sedikit kemerahan) dengan warna merah kecoklatan (krem) pada ujung telinga, ekor dan bulu dibelakang paha. Warna lainnya adalah hitam mulus dan cokelat dengan moncong berwarna hitam (bangbungkem), pigmentasi kulit, hidung, bibir kelopak mata, skrotum, anus dan telapak kaki berwarna hitam atau cokelat gelap.

Lehernya tampak anggun dengan panjang sedang, kuat dengan perototan yang kuat pula. Dada dalam dan lebar, punggung datar, panjangnya sedang dengan otot yang baik. Badan anjing betina relatif lebih panjang dari jantan. Anjing Kintamani (Bali) memiliki bulu krah (badong) panjang berbentuk kipas di daerah bahu (gumba),makin panjang bulu badong makin baik.

Kaki agak panjang, kuat dan lurus jika dilihat dan depan atau belakang. Tumit tanpa tajir, gerakan kaki ringan. Ekor bulunya bersurai, posisinya tegak membentuk sudut 45 derajat atau sedikit melengkung tetapi tidak jatuh atau melingkar di atas pinggang atau jatuh ke samping. Makin panjang bulu ekor makin baik .

Catatan : Penulis adalah seorang dokter hewan yang sudah lama meneliti dan melakukan pemuliabiakan anjing Kintamani agar dapat diakui oleh dunia internasional. Jika anda memerlukan informasi lebih lanjut dapat menghubungi beliau di 08123973112 .

Diambil dari AnjingKita.com

Bandung Bersalju 06

2006-10-31T12:37:00.000+07:00

Halo Frenz, Pox lagi buka stand lagi di Bandung Supermal alias BSM, tepatnya di Ancient Egypt lt.3 BSM (bekas Agis), pameran barang2 mesir gt; dan satu lagi kita buka stand juga di Bandung Bersalju. Disini kita bikin foto di kaos dan mug instan kaya yang di IP dulu. Foto di atas foto kita di Bandung Besalju, brrrrrrrr dingin -18 derajat celcius.

Young Entrepreneurs Scheme (YES)

2006-05-22T00:00:00.000+07:00

in association with

is offering a training program for young business entrepreneurs in Bandung involving a 4 day course combined with a number of individual coaching sessions over a 3 week period

27 – 30 June 2006

The Young Entrepreneurs Scheme (YES) is designed to provide individuals with an opportunity to gain the essential knowledge and skills needed to be successful in business. The program is specifically for those who own or manage a small business, or who have taken positive steps to establish one.

The 4 day course will cover the essentials of business planning, financial requirements, marketing and human resource management.

The individual coaching sessions, run over 3 weeks, will assist course graduates to implement the specific skills that their business requires. This may include developing a business plan, establishing a sound accounting system, or some aspects of marketing or resource management.

Selection for attendance will be on the basis of an application and discussions with the Australian Business Volunteers representative.

Interested persons are invited to obtain an application form from

Ryan Herdian or Anna Barrington

by telephoning 022 2002239 or Fax 022 2018493

Email: abv-indo@cbn.net.id

FEE: Rp. 200,000 / person

(the fee covers the 4 day course, individual coaching sessions,

all materials and lunches)

Applications close on 1^st June 2006.

YES provides young business people with training and on-going coaching to develop successful business opportunities.

Encrypted Thumb Drive & Auto Play

2006-02-24T11:49:00.000+07:00

This is the steps to make encrypted thumb drive

Requirements

TrueCrypt. Download here.
Windows XP with Service Pack 2. Prior to SP2 you couldn't do autoplay on removable drives. You can do everything else described here though.
A USB thumb drive. No special requirements. Any old one will do.

TrueCrypt files

Move all your data off your usb drive so it's empty.
Install TrueCrypt on your PC.
From the TrueCrypt application directory (usually C:\Program Files\TrueCrypt\) copy TrueCrypt.exe to your usb drive.
From your Windows drivers directory (probably C:\Windows\system32\drivers\) copy truecrypt.sys to your usb drive.

Note: The TrueCrypt download is a zip file. Inside the zip file is a folder called Setup Files that contains both TrueCrypt.exe and truescrypt.sys so it's possible to skip steps 2, 3 and 4 above and just copy the two files straight from that folder to your flash drive.

Autorun file

Create another file on your flash drive called autorun.inf. Paste in the following:

[autorun]

label=Cruzer

icon=truecrypt.exe

action=Mount TrueCrypt Volume

open=truecrypt /v data.tc /lz /q /a /m rm /e

shell=mounttc

shell\mounttc=&Mount

shell\mounttc\command=truecrypt /v data.tc /lz /q /a /m rm /e

shell=dismounttc

shell\dismounttc=&Dismount

shell\dismounttc\command=truecrypt /dz /q

shell=runtc

shell\runtc=Run &TrueCrypt

shell\runtc\command=truecrypt

The /lz and /dz above means you will mount your encrypted volume using drive letter Z. Change Z to something else in all three places if you want to use another drive letter.

Check the TrueCrypt manual to see what the other command line options do. You might want to tweak them to suit your preferences.

Change the label if you want to. You can also change the icon which is the icon that your usb drive has in My Computer. (I use an .ico file that I copied to my thumb drive also).

Note: In a file with more than one icon you can specify which icon you want by putting a comma then the icon number, eg icon=c:\WINDOWS\system32\SHELL32.dll,12

So far your drive should look something like this:

...except for the file data.tc. That's the file that will contain all your encrypted files that we will create next.

Creating the encrypted volume

Run TrueCrypt from your start menu and click "Create Volume".

Note: If you didn't bother to install TrueCrypt in step 2, you can just double click TrueCrypt Format.exe in the Setup Files folder.

Choose "Create a standard TrueCrypt volume" (the default).
Type L:\data.tc at "Volume Location" where L is the drive letter of your flash drive.
Choose your favourite encryption algorithm. (Don't ask me!)
Select a volume size. This is how much space you will have on your encrypted volume.

I like to make it fill the entire remaining space on the thumb drive. You make it fill it exactly by doing this:

Get the free space in bytes of your flash drive by right clicking it in My Computer and clicking "Properties".
Divide this number by 1024 to get kilobytes.
Back in TrueCrypt, select KB and type the number.

Make up a password and enter it. Remember your password because there is no way to crack it. That's the point of secure encryption.
Wiggle your mouse a bit for extra randomness, then click "Format".
When formatting is finished click "Exit" to exit.
This concludes the setup process. The hard part is now over!

Usage

Remove your thumb drive in the usual way. (Click the "Safely Remove Hardware" icon in your Systray, select the drive to remove, then yank it out).
Put it back in again. If the autoplay stuff is working you should see this:

Click OK. You should then see this:

Enter your password and up comes your encrypted drive. Voila!
You can now put all your files back on it. They are now securely encrypted and can't be accessed without your password.
To dismount

Go to My Computer. Right click on your flash drive icon.
Notice the menu options include Mount, Autoplay, Dismount and Run TrueCrypt.
Choose Dismount to dismount the volume.

Other notes

Note that to open your flash drive now you have to right click and choose Open because a double click will run the Mount shell extension.
You can also mount and dismount and change your password from the TrueCrypt program on your thumb drive. Read the TrueCrypt manual for more information.

Note: If you come to a PC where your chosen drive letter is already taken you can run TrueCrypt manually and mount your drive with a different drive letter.

You can backup all your secure data just by copying your data.tc to your C: drive.
I recommend adding a shortcut (to your real drive, not the virtual one) to your Quick Launch Bar for convenience. You can then access the right click menu from the shortcut.

Update 4-Nov-2005

Since I wrote this version 4.0 of TrueCrypt has been released with a whole load of great new features and improvements. As yet I have not tested the new version with the above procedure, but it should work.

Update 7-Feb-2006

Here are a couple of notes from commenters below. You have to have Adminstrator privilege on the Windows XP to mount. This probably prevents you accessing your data in internet cafes and student labs. When I wrote this I hadn't discovered the "Traveller Mode" section in the TrueCrypt manual. Read that to see how TrueCrypt can set most of this stuff up for you automatically!

Update 16-Feb-2006

Remora USB Disk Guard might be worth trying. It doesn't require that you have Administrator privilege. Found it here.

This Article was taken from

http://glosoli.blogspot.com/2005/09/encrypted-thumb-drive-and-autoplay.html

Free vs. Open Source

2006-02-17T22:36:00.000+07:00

Free vs. Open Source
Note on terminology: A heated holy war has erupted over the use of the phrase "open source software" vs "free software." Both terms refer to software that meets the Debian Social Contract. In brief, "free" or "open source" software" is software that the user is free to use, copy, modify, and distribute. Examples include the Gnu/Linux operating system, the Apache web server, and the Perl language.
The phrase "free software" has a longer history, going back to 1983, when Richard Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation. The conflict stems from the fact that the English language word 'free' can mean 'free', as in 'free speech' or 'free', as in 'free beer'. The problem doesn't exist in the French language, for example, which uses the word 'libré' and 'gratis" to refer to the two different senses of the word 'free.' Although the Free Software Foundation has emphasized that they meant 'free', as in 'free speech', some within the free software community felt that the word "free" was too ambiguous, and needlessly alienated the business community. Chris Peterson of the Foresight Institute is generally credited with coining the phrase phrase "open source". It has been promoted by Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens. The phrase has enjoyed widespread success. However, Richard Stallman and his supporters believe that the phrase "open source" deemphasizes the point of "free software", the freedom to alter and distribute the code, and encourage the use of the phrase 'free software'. To avoid alienating either party, I will use the French word "libré" instead of "open source" or "free", as the word is unambiguous, and acceptable to both communities of programmers.

A Brief History of Free/Open Source Software Movement

2006-02-17T22:28:00.000+07:00

A Brief History of Free/Open Source Software Movement
The free/open source software movement began in the "hacker" culture of U.S. computer science laboratories (Stanford, Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon, and MIT) in the 1960's and 1970's.
The community of programmers was small, and close-knit. Code passed back and forth between the members of the community--if you made an improvement you were expected to submit your code to the community of developers. To withhold code was considered gauché--after all, you benefited from the work of your friends, you should return the favor.
It was in this environment that Richard Stallman began his computer science career in 1971, as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial Intelligence lab. Stallman worked primarily on ITS, the Incompatible Timesharing System, an operating system homebrewed at MIT to run on the DEC PDP-10. In this collegial environment, Stallman and his colleagues built an enormous array of software tools for the PDP-10.
However, by the early 80's, the hacker community began to break down at MIT and other universities. DEC discontinued the PDP-10. As a result, the ITS software became obsolete, because it was written specifically for the PDP-10 hardware architecture. The PDP-10's replacements, such as the VAX or the 68020, had their own operating systems, but none of them were free software: you had to sign a nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy. (DiBona, et al. 1999)
Moreover, many of the hackers were hired away by commercial companies who sold proprietary systems. One of the first to break ranks was a student named Brian Reed at Carnegie Mellon University. In 1980, Reed wrote Scribe, one of the first text-formatting programs to incorporate semantic markup. However, Reed
"....then surprised everyone by selling it to a company, instead of sharing it with the community. The company was very proprietary about it, and very obnoxiously put time bombs into it. Somebody I know spent hours debugging why our copy had ceased to work. Eventually he came across the time bomb which had been put in there purely for profit-insuring purposes. He was extremely angry that he had wasted all that time on a bug that had been deliberately created. From the view point of people in the software sharing community, anything artificially put in to stop people from running
a program is simply a deliberate bug.

The problem was that nobody censured or punished this student for what he did. He got away with it. The result was other people got tempted to follow his example. Many years later he stated that he believed his own program was much less used as a result of his decision, that it would have become far more popular and influential if he had shared is as

A another major blow also came in 1980, when two companies were formed to sell MIT's Lisp Machine technology. Richard Greenblatt, a senior Lisp machine project hacker at the AI lab, formed a company called Lisp Machine, Inc. (LMI). Another group of hackers, including David Moon, Howie Shrobe, and Howard Cannon got backing to found Symbolics. Between the two companies, they hired away most of the AI lab's staff. The prospect that all future improvements to the MIT Lisp system and MACSYMA (an artificial intelligence based math engine based on Lisp) would be proprietary angered Stallman. So for a year, he attempted to match feature by feature the improvements in the proprietary Lisp systems in the MIT Lisp system. Eventually he gave up, because as talented and dedicated a hacker as Stallman was, he could not keep up with the combined efforts of a team of equally talented hackers. (Lemon, 1997 Siska, 1997)
and "I was faced with a choice. One: join the proprietary software world, sign the nondisclosure agreements and promise not to help my fellow hackers. Two: leave the computer field altogether. Or three, look for a way that a programmer could do something for the good. I asked myself, was there a program or programs I could write, so as to make a community possible again?" (King, 1999)
Determined to recreate the community of cooperating hackers he enjoyed in the 1970's, Stallman decided to devote himself to creating free software. According to Stallman, truly free software must allow every user the right to:

run the program, for any purpose.

modify the program to suit their needs. (To make this freedom effective in practice, they must have access to the source code, since making changes in a program without having the source code is exceedingly difficult.) They must have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis or for a fee.

redistribute copies, either gratis or free.

distribute modified versions of the program, so that the community can benefit from your improvements.

In January 1984, Stallman resigned from MIT so that the university would have no claims on the software he created. (With the blessing of Dr. Winston, then the head of the AI lab, he continued to use his office and MIT hardware.) (Stallman, 1999)
Stallman devoted his first efforts an operating system. Without an operating system, a computer is just a hunk of worthless metal, glass, and plastic. The most commonly used and powerful operating system at the time was the Unix system, first developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. Since a lot of software already existed for Unix, Stallman decided to make his operating system Unix compatible, to make the transition from proprietary software to his libré software as easy as possible. He called his project GNU (Gnu's Not Unix), to distinguish his software from the proprietary versions.
In 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation, a tax exempt charity, to support his work and that of his collaborators. Stallman personally created an enormous body of software: GCC (C compiler), GDB (debugger), Emacs (text editor), and a number of other tools.
To be sure, Stallman's efforts were neither the first nor the only libré software development efforts. The X consortium, for example, developed the X windowing system. Perl, the most commonly used scripting language for web sites, was developed by Larry Wall while working on a government sponsored project at Burroughs. Another free version of Unix was developed by a group based at the University of California at Berkeley. However, the Free Software Foundation's efforts were probably the most extensive, and the most visible.
To ensure that his code would always be freely modifiable and distributable, he created the GNU General Public License (GPL). The GPL specified that users of the source code could view, change, or add to the code, provided that they made their changes available under the same license as the original code. He founded the Free Software Foundation in 1985 to promote the development of GNU and other GPL'd software. For the creation of the GNU system, the GPL license, and the Free Software Foundation, Stallman was awarded the MacArthur fellowship in 1990.
Now the only thing that the GNU system lacked was a kernel, the heart of an operating system. In 1990, Stallman's team began work on HURD, an OS based on the MACH microkernel architecture, which was first developed at Carnegie Mellon. (According to Thomas Bushnell, principal architect of HURD, HURD is the first piece of software to be named by mutually recursive acronyms: Hurd = Hird of Unix-Replacing Daemons. Hird = Hurd of Interfaces Representing Depth). However, work on the HURD progressed very slowly, and the kernel was very incomplete as of 1991.
Enter a 21 year old, second year graduate student at the University of Helsinki named Linus Torvalds (Ghosh, 1998). Torvalds wrote a Unix-like kernel based on Minix, a small Unix clone used as a teaching tool. Torvalds submitted his kernel, called Linux (Linus + Unix) for review to various newsgroups and mailing lists. Several other programmers began to modify and tweak the code, sending their improvements back to Torvalds for inclusion in the next release of the kernel. Eventually, Linux became the de facto kernel for the GNU operating system.
In 1997, Eric Raymond published an essay entitled The Cathedral and The Bazaar. In the essay, Raymond articulated the reasons why he believed that open source licenses--licenses that allowed anyone to freely view, modify, and distribute the code--resulted in higher quality, less expensive software. The essay spread quickly through the programming community.
At the same time, Netscape was involved in a fierce struggle with Microsoft to see whose browser would become the dominant browser on the desktop: Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer. Microsoft's decision to give away Internet Explorer, combined with their control of the Windows operating system, led to the increasing erosion of Netscape's market share. Netscape feared that Microsoft dominance would shift web protocols from open to proprietary standards that only Microsoft's servers would be able to service. Influenced by Raymond's essay, several managers at Netscape believed that the best way to keep web protocols open would be to release the code to the Netscape browser.
On January 22nd, 1998, Netscape announced that it would open the sourc code for Netscape Navigator 5.0. Their announcement gave the free/open source software community a great boost in credibility in the eyes of business community.
Shortly afterward, a coalition of individuals, led by Eric Raymond, Bruce Perens, and Tim O'Reilly, decided that the the free software community needed better marketing. They formed the Open Source Initiative to a) promote the pragmatic benefits to the business community, and b) certify free/open source licenses that meet the Open Source Definition.
The Open Source Iniative's evangelism paid off. Following Netscape's announcement, several additional vendors announced support for Linux, including Oracle, IBM, and Corel. Intel and Netscape invested in Red Hat, the largest English language Linux distributor. (Raymond, 1999)
A statistically insignificant presence in 1997, the popularity of Linux and the free/open source software movement exploded. The International Data Corporation (IDC) estimated that Linux has 25% of the server market, second only to Windows NT which has 38%. With 4% of the market, Linux is also the the third most popular desktop after Apple. Moreover, IDC estimated that commercial shipments of Linux will grow at a compounded annual growth rate of 25% from 1999 to 2003, compared to 10-12% growth rates for other operating systems. (Note, however, that Linux's installed base was quite small--it's much easier to have high growth percentage rates when your starting absolute numbers are small.)
In August of 1999, Red Hat Linux went public. The stock price soared to $72 dollars the day after the IPO, giving Red Hat a market capitalization of $4.8 billion--a remarkable valuation for a company with a $5,787,945 net loss on $33,031,682 million in revenues for the fiscal year ending in February 1999. VA Linux, a vendor of hardware with Linux pre-installed, netted the largest first day run-up in IPO history, giving VA Linux a $7 billion dollar market capitalization. Other successful Linux IPO's include Cobalt Networks ($3.1 billion) and Andover.net ($712 million).(Scannell, 1999) Other more recent successes:

IBM recently announced that the company would devote almost $1 billion dollars to support Linux. (Burke, 2000)

Forrester Research estimates that more than 55% of the world's 2,500 biggest firms use open source software, with almost a quarter using the software in production systems. (Connor, 2000)

Sun recently released Star Office, an office suite similar to Microsoft Office, under the GPL license. (Proffitt, 2000)

To be sure, free/open source software still faces challenges. Both Red Hat and VA Linux, two of the most prominent corporate supporters of Linux, still lose money. Even if they become profitable, I find it difficult to imagine that VA Linux or Red Hat will justify their IPO valuations within the next 10 years. Software patent law threatens to strangle free/open source software developers with threats of lawsuits. And dotcoms, early adopters of Linux, continue to drop like drunks on rollerskates. Despite the challenges, free/open source software will likely increase in influence and popularity

Bibliography

Bennahum, D. (1996) Interview with Richard Stallman. Meme 2.04. [online] Available from: http://hammer.prohosting.com/~runlinux/stallman.shtml [Accessed 26 December 2000]

Burke, S. (2000) Gerstner: IBM To Place Billion-Dollar Bet Linux Could Overtake NT. Ch@nnelWeb [online] (13 December 2000) Available from: http://linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-12-13-007-06-PS-BZ [Accessed 25 December 2000]

Connor, D. (2000) Open source moves beyond the server: enterprise, network products feel presence of software movement. Network World [online] (26 December 2000) Available from http://www2.itworld.com/cma/ett_article_frame/0,2848,1_3548,00.html [Accessed 25 December 2000]

Ghosh, R.A. (1998) FM Interview with Linus Torvalds: What motivates free software developers? First Monday [online] (2 March 1998) Vol.3 (3) Available from http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_3/torvalds/index.html [Accessed 26 December 2000].

King, J.J. (1999) Free Software is a Political Action: In Conversation With Richard Stallman. Teleopolis. [online] Available from: http://www.heise.de/tp/english/special/wos/6469/1.html

Lemon, T. (17 February 1997). E-mail message titled: Re: Starting all over from 16.1? Cygwin project mailing list [online] Available from: http://sourceware.cygnus.com/ml/cygwin/1997-02/msg00427.html [Accessed 26 December 2000].

Profitt, B. (2000) StarOffice Code Released in Largest Open Source Project LinuxToday [online] (13 Oct 2000) Available from: http://linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-10-13-002-21-NW-DT-SW [Accessed 25 December 2000]

Raymond, E.S. (1997) The Cathedral and the Bazaar.[online] In: E.S. Raymond, ed. The Cathedral and the Bazaar Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates. Available from: http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/ [Accessed 26 December 2000]

Raymond, E.S. (1999) The Revenge of the Hackers. [online] In: C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, eds. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates. Available from: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/raymond2.html [Accessed 26 Decmber 2000]

Scannell, E. (1999) Linux takes the operating system scene by storm. Infoworld.com [online]. Available from http://www.infoworld.com/supplements/99poy_drv/99poy_linux.html [Accessed 26 December 2000]

Siska, C. (18 February 1997) Re: Starting all over from 16.1? Cygwin project mailing list [online] Available from: http://sourceware.cygnus.com/ml/cygwin/1997-02/msg00436.html [Accessed on 26 December 2000]

Stallman, R. (2000) The GNU operating system and the free software movement. [online] In: C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, eds. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates. Available from: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/stallman.html [Accessed 26 Decmber 2000]

The Open Source Definition

2006-02-17T22:26:00.000+07:00

The Open Source Definition
Version 1.9
The indented, italicized sections below appear as annotations to the Open Source Definition (OSD) and are not a part of the OSD. A plain version of the OSD without annotations can be found here.
A printable version of this annotated page is available here.
A PDF poster of the OSD is also available.
Introduction
Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the following criteria:
1. Free Redistribution
The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.
Rationale: By constraining the license to require free redistribution, we eliminate the temptation to throw away many long-term gains in order to make a few short-term sales dollars. If we didn't do this, there would be lots of pressure for cooperators to defect.
2. Source Code
The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost–preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed.
Rationale: We require access to un-obfuscated source code because you can't evolve programs without modifying them. Since our purpose is to make evolution easy, we require that modification be made easy.
3. Derived Works
The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.
Rationale: The mere ability to read source isn't enough to support independent peer review and rapid evolutionary selection. For rapid evolution to happen, people need to be able to experiment with and redistribute modifications.
4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code
The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software.
Rationale: Encouraging lots of improvement is a good thing, but users have a right to know who is responsible for the software they are using. Authors and maintainers have reciprocal right to know what they're being asked to support and protect their reputations.
Accordingly, an open-source license must guarantee that source be readily available, but may require that it be distributed as pristine base sources plus patches. In this way, "unofficial" changes can be made available but readily distinguished from the base source.
5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.
Rationale: In order to get the maximum benefit from the process, the maximum diversity of persons and groups should be equally eligible to contribute to open sources. Therefore we forbid any open-source license from locking anybody out of the process.
Some countries, including the United States, have export restrictions for certain types of software. An OSD-conformant license may warn licensees of applicable restrictions and remind them that they are obliged to obey the law; however, it may not incorporate such restrictions itself.
6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.
Rationale: The major intention of this clause is to prohibit license traps that prevent open source from being used commercially. We want commercial users to join our community, not feel excluded from it.
7. Distribution of License
The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.
Rationale: This clause is intended to forbid closing up software by indirect means such as requiring a non-disclosure agreement.
8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product
The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.
Rationale: This clause forecloses yet another class of license traps.
9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software
The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software.
Rationale: Distributors of open-source software have the right to make their own choices about their own software.
Yes, the GPL is conformant with this requirement. Software linked with GPLed libraries only inherits the GPL if it forms a single work, not any software with which they are merely distributed.
10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral
No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.
Rationale: This provision is aimed specifically at licenses which require an explicit gesture of assent in order to establish a contract between licensor and licensee. Provisions mandating so-called "click-wrap" may conflict with important methods of software distribution such as FTP download, CD-ROM anthologies, and web mirroring; such provisions may also hinder code re-use. Conformant licenses must allow for the possibility that (a) redistribution of the software will take place over non-Web channels that do not support click-wrapping of the download, and that (b) the covered code (or re-used portions of covered code) may run in a non-GUI environment that cannot support popup dialogues.

Origins: Bruce Perens wrote the first draft of this document as "The Debian Free Software Guidelines", and refined it using the comments of the Debian developers in a month-long e-mail conference in June, 1997. He removed the Debian-specific references from the document to create the "Open Source Definition."
Copyright © 2006 by the Open Source InitiativeSend questions or suggestions about the website to Steve M.: webmaster at opensource.org

Curiculum Vitae

2006-01-20T23:14:00.000+07:00

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